Cases where there is no or insufficient evidence to definitively identify a person or group as having been targeted by the campaign or its operators. Not applicable is a Casebook value under the "Targets" variable in the code book.
Announcement Bar
The Technology and Social Change Project was active from 2019-2023. The Media Manipulation Casebook was a major publication of the TaSC project, and will remain fully accessible at this URL going forward, but will no longer be actively updated.
